Balanophora latisepala (Tiegh.) Lecomte (Balanophoraceae), a dioecious rootholoparasitic plant from Thailand, exhibits sophisticated adaptations for parasitism. We investigated the anatomical characteristics of fresh specimens collected from Saraburi and Chiang Mai provinces using light microscopy and histological techniques, including paraffin sectioning and counterstain with safranin and fast green. Our examination revealed a complex tuber vascular system comprising composite bundles of host and parasite tissues and specialised transfer cells. The achlorophyllous leaves showed reduced anatomical features, lacking stomata and possessing compact mesophyll without intercellular spaces. Male inflorescences developed synandria with 8–11 anthers and conducting strands supporting pollen production and nectar secretion, whilst female inflorescences produced numerous reduced pistils with J- or U-shaped embryo sacs. Post-fertilisation, the fruits developed sclerenchymatous pericarps protecting the few-celled embryo and endosperm during dry seasons. These anatomical characteristics demonstrate efficient nutrient acquisition strategies of B. latisepala, reproductive specialisation and environmental stress tolerance. Further investigations using transmission electron microscopy could provide deeper insights into nutrient transfer mechanisms and fungal interactions within this successful holoparasitic species.